When the dog associates the NS with the UCS (food) the NS is transferred into a conditioned stimulus (e.g. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)Ī neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a salivation response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. a “neutral stimulus”, because they did not initially cause the dog to secrete saliva. Neutral Stimulus (NS)Īt the beginning of the conditioning process in the laboratory setting when responses were not established Pavlov called light, bell, etc. Thus Pavlov called the food stimulus an “Unconditioned Stimulus”, and salivation as a response to food an “Unconditioned Response”. Food in the dig’s mouth automatically and unconditionally triggered a dog’s salivary reflex. These UCRs are reflexes in which all organisms come equipped by nature with many built-in responses, which generally have survival value. For example, touching a hot stove causes us to jerk our hands away, a puff of air causes our eyes to blink, a high temperature causes sweating, etc. It is an automatic reaction that is an inborn, natural process. Pavlov called the salivation in response to food in the dog’s mouth an unconditioned response (UCR). The dog does not have to be trained to react to the unconditioned stimulus. The meat powder was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS or simply the US) in Pavlov’s experiment because it can elicit the natural and spontaneous response of salivation without any learning. To understand better, how classical conditioning works, let us first understands, the key elements used by Pavlov in his research. Pavlov called the salivation of stimuli associated with food “Psychic Secretions”. Using this procedure, Pavlov conditioned the dog to salivate to other stimuli, a buzzer, a tone, a light, a touch on the leg, and even the sight of the circle. In his experiment, just before placing food in the dog’s mouth to produce salivation, Pavlov rang a bell (neutral stimulus) and after several occasions of ringing the bell before giving the food, which Pavlov termed as “reinforcement”, the dog began salivating when only the bell rang in anticipation of the meat powder. Pavlov and his research team noticed that when they work with the same dog, the dog began salivating to stimuli associated with food, such as the mere sight of the food, the food dish, the presence of the person who regularly brought the food, or even to the sound of that person’s approaching footsteps. In the course of his research, he surgically brought the opening of the salivary gland to the outside of the dog’s skin so the secretion of saliva could be seen and measured. While studying salivary secretion in dogs, Pavlov knew that when he put the food in the dog’s mouth the animal would spontaneously salivate. the bell produces the salivary response in Pavlovian conditioning. It is also known as “respondent conditioning” because a previously neutral stimulus bell, light acquires the capacity to elicit a certain response. For example, in Pavlov’s research, the dog salivated by hearing the experimenter’s footsteps, the sight of the bowl, etc. Classical conditioning is also known as “Stimulus Substitution” which means that a new stimulus, previously a neutral one, is substituted for the stimulus which originally elicits the response. Classical conditioning refers to the condition in an established manner by Pavlov. The term classical simply refers to the fact that Pavlov performed the classic laboratory studies of learning “in an established manner”. Thus, classical conditioning is also known as Pavlovian conditioning. Pavlov (1849-1936) who developed the conditioning technique known as “Pavlovian Conditioning”. Learning through associations is closely associated with the Russian Psychologist and Scientist, Ivan P. For example, a flash of lightning signals thunder, and we start to wince when lights flash nearby. Conditioning is a process of learning associations, by linking two events that occur together, usually between stimulus and response or between two stimuli.
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